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Глава 7: Using the command-line connection tool Plink

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Plink is a command-line connection tool similar to UNIX ssh. It is mostly used for automated operations, such as making CVS access a repository on a remote server.

Plink is probably not what you want if you want to run an interactive session in a console window.

7.1 Starting Plink

Plink is a command line application. This means that you cannot just double-click on its icon to run it and instead you have to bring up a console window. In Windows 95, 98, and ME, this is called an «MS-DOS Prompt», and in Windows NT, 2000, and XP, it is called a «Command Prompt». It should be available from the Programs section of your Start Menu.

In order to use Plink, the file plink.exe will need either to be on your PATH or in your current directory. To add the directory containing Plink to your PATH environment variable, type into the console window:

set PATH=C:\path\to\putty\directory;%PATH%

This will only work for the lifetime of that particular console window. To set your PATH more permanently on Windows NT, 2000, and XP, use the Environment tab of the System Control Panel. On Windows 95, 98, and ME, you will need to edit your AUTOEXEC.BAT to include a set command like the one above.

7.2 Using Plink

This section describes the basics of how to use Plink for interactive logins and for automated processes.

Once you've got a console window to type into, you can just type plink on its own to bring up a usage message. This tells you the version of Plink you're using, and gives you a brief summary of how to use Plink:

C:\>plink
Plink: command-line connection utility
Release 0.81
Usage: plink [options] [user@]host [command]
       ("host" can also be a PuTTY saved session name)
Options:
  -V        print version information and exit
  -pgpfp    print PGP key fingerprints and exit
  -v        show verbose messages
  -load sessname  Load settings from saved session
  -ssh -telnet -rlogin -raw -serial
            force use of a particular protocol
  -ssh-connection
            force use of the bare ssh-connection protocol
  -P port   connect to specified port
  -l user   connect with specified username
  -batch    disable all interactive prompts
  -proxycmd command
            use 'command' as local proxy
  -sercfg configuration-string (e.g. 19200,8,n,1,X)
            Specify the serial configuration (serial only)
The following options only apply to SSH connections:
  -pwfile file   login with password read from specified file
  -D [listen-IP:]listen-port
            Dynamic SOCKS-based port forwarding
  -L [listen-IP:]listen-port:host:port
            Forward local port to remote address
  -R [listen-IP:]listen-port:host:port
            Forward remote port to local address
  -X -x     enable / disable X11 forwarding
  -A -a     enable / disable agent forwarding
  -t -T     enable / disable pty allocation
  -1 -2     force use of particular SSH protocol version
  -4 -6     force use of IPv4 or IPv6
  -C        enable compression
  -i key    private key file for user authentication
  -noagent  disable use of Pageant
  -agent    enable use of Pageant
  -no-trivial-auth
            disconnect if SSH authentication succeeds trivially
  -noshare  disable use of connection sharing
  -share    enable use of connection sharing
  -hostkey keyid
            manually specify a host key (may be repeated)
  -sanitise-stderr, -sanitise-stdout, -no-sanitise-stderr, -no-sanitise-stdout
            do/don't strip control chars from standard output/error
  -no-antispoof   omit anti-spoofing prompt after authentication
  -m file   read remote command(s) from file
  -s        remote command is an SSH subsystem (SSH-2 only)
  -N        don't start a shell/command (SSH-2 only)
  -nc host:port
            open tunnel in place of session (SSH-2 only)
  -sshlog file
  -sshrawlog file
            log protocol details to a file
  -logoverwrite
  -logappend
            control what happens when a log file already exists
  -shareexists
            test whether a connection-sharing upstream exists

Once this works, you are ready to use Plink.

7.2.1 Using Plink for interactive logins

To make a simple interactive connection to a remote server, just type plink and then the host name:

C:\>plink login.example.com

Debian GNU/Linux 2.2 flunky.example.com
flunky login:

You should then be able to log in as normal and run a session. The output sent by the server will be written straight to your command prompt window, which will most likely not interpret terminal control codes in the way the server expects it to. So if you run any full-screen applications, for example, you can expect to see strange characters appearing in your window. Interactive connections like this are not the main point of Plink.

In order to connect with a different protocol, you can give the command line options -ssh, -ssh-connection, -telnet, -rlogin, or -raw. To make an SSH connection, for example:

C:\>plink -ssh login.example.com
login as:

If you have already set up a PuTTY saved session, then instead of supplying a host name, you can give the saved session name. This allows you to use public-key authentication, specify a user name, and use most of the other features of PuTTY:

C:\>plink my-ssh-session
Sent username "fred"
Authenticating with public key "fred@winbox"
Last login: Thu Dec  6 19:25:33 2001 from :0.0
fred@flunky:~$

(You can also use the -load command-line option to load a saved session; see section 3.11.3.1. If you use -load, the saved session exists, and it specifies a hostname, you cannot also specify a host or user@host argument - it will be treated as part of the remote command.)

7.2.2 Using Plink for automated connections

More typically Plink is used with the SSH protocol, to enable you to talk directly to a program running on the server. To do this you have to ensure Plink is using the SSH protocol. You can do this in several ways:

Usually Plink is not invoked directly by a user, but run automatically by another process. Therefore you typically do not want Plink to prompt you for a user name or a password.

Next, you are likely to need to avoid the various interactive prompts Plink can produce. You might be prompted to verify the host key of the server you're connecting to, to enter a user name, or to enter a password.

To avoid being prompted for the server host key when using Plink for an automated connection, you can first make a manual connection (using either of PuTTY or Plink) to the same server, verify the host key (see section 2.2 for more information), and select «Accept» to add the host key to the Registry. After that, Plink commands connecting to that server should not give a host key prompt unless the host key changes. Alternatively, you can specify the appropriate host key(s) on Plink's command line every time you use it; see section 3.11.3.22.

To avoid being prompted for a user name, you can:

To avoid being prompted for a password, you should almost certainly set up public-key authentication. (See глава 8 for a general introduction to public-key authentication.) Again, you can do this in two ways:

Once you have done all this, you should be able to run a remote command on the SSH server machine and have it execute automatically with no prompting:

C:\>plink login.example.com -l fred echo hello, world
hello, world

C:\>

Or, if you have set up a saved session with all the connection details:

C:\>plink mysession echo hello, world
hello, world

C:\>

Then you can set up other programs to run this Plink command and talk to it as if it were a process on the server machine.

7.2.3 Plink command line options

Plink accepts all the general command line options supported by the PuTTY tools. See section 3.11.3 for a description of these options.

Plink also supports some of its own options. The following sections describe Plink's specific command-line options.

7.2.3.1 -batch: disable all interactive prompts

If you use the -batch option, Plink will never give an interactive prompt while establishing the connection. If the server's host key is invalid, for example (see section 2.2), then the connection will simply be abandoned instead of asking you what to do next.

This may help Plink's behaviour when it is used in automated scripts: using -batch, if something goes wrong at connection time, the batch job will fail rather than hang.

7.2.3.2 -s: remote command is SSH subsystem

If you specify the -s option, Plink passes the specified command as the name of an SSH «subsystem» rather than an ordinary command line.

(This option is only meaningful with the SSH-2 protocol.)

7.2.3.3 -share: Test and try to share an existing connection.

This option tries to detect if an existing connection can be shared (See section 4.17.5 for more information about SSH connection sharing.) and reuses that connection.

A Plink invocation of the form:

plink -share <session>

will test whether there is currently a viable «upstream» for the session in question, which can be specified using any syntax you'd normally use with Plink to make an actual connection (a host/port number, a bare saved session name, -load, etc). If no «upstream» viable session is found and -share is specified, this connection will be become the «upstream» connection for subsequent connection sharing tries.

(This option is only meaningful with the SSH-2 protocol.)

7.2.3.4 -shareexists: test for connection-sharing upstream

This option does not make a new connection; instead it allows testing for the presence of an existing connection that can be shared. (See section 4.17.5 for more information about SSH connection sharing.)

A Plink invocation of the form:

plink -shareexists <session>

will test whether there is currently a viable «upstream» for the session in question, which can be specified using any syntax you'd normally use with Plink to make an actual connection (a host/port number, a bare saved session name, -load, etc). It returns a zero exit status if a usable «upstream» exists, nonzero otherwise.

(This option is only meaningful with the SSH-2 protocol.)

7.2.3.5 -sanitise-stream: control output sanitisation

In some situations, Plink applies a sanitisation pass to the output received from the server, to strip out control characters such as backspace and the escape character.

The idea of this is to prevent remote processes from sending confusing escape sequences through the standard error channel when Plink is being used as a transport for something like git or CVS. If the server actually wants to send an error message, it will probably be plain text; if the server abuses that channel to try to write over unexpected parts of your terminal display, Plink will try to stop it.

By default, this only happens for output channels which are sent to a Windows console device, or a Unix terminal device. (Any output stream going somewhere else is likely to be needed by an 8-bit protocol and must not be tampered with at all.) It also stops happening if you tell Plink to allocate a remote pseudo-terminal (see section 3.11.3.12 and section 4.24.1), on the basis that in that situation you often want escape sequences from the server to go to your terminal.

But in case Plink guesses wrong about whether you want this sanitisation, you can override it in either direction, using one of these options:

-sanitise-stderr
Sanitise server data written to Plink's standard error channel, regardless of terminals and consoles and remote ptys.
-no-sanitise-stderr
Do not sanitise server data written to Plink's standard error channel.
-sanitise-stdout
Sanitise server data written to Plink's standard output channel.
-no-sanitise-stdout
Do not sanitise server data written to Plink's standard output channel.

7.2.3.6 -no-antispoof: turn off authentication spoofing protection prompt

In SSH, some possible server authentication methods require user input (for example, password authentication, or entering a private key passphrase), and others do not (e.g. a private key held in Pageant).

If you use Plink to run an interactive login session, and if Plink authenticates without needing any user interaction, and if the server is malicious or compromised, it could try to trick you into giving it authentication data that should not go to the server (such as your private key passphrase), by sending what looks like one of Plink's local prompts, as if Plink had not already authenticated.

To protect against this, Plink's default policy is to finish the authentication phase with a final trivial prompt looking like this:

Access granted. Press Return to begin session.

so that if you saw anything that looked like an authentication prompt after that line, you would know it was not from Plink.

That extra interactive step is inconvenient. So Plink will turn it off in as many situations as it can:

But if you still find the protective prompt inconvenient, and you trust the server not to try a trick like this, you can turn it off using the «-no-antispoof» option.

7.3 Using Plink in batch files and scripts

Once you have set up Plink to be able to log in to a remote server without any interactive prompting (see section 7.2.2), you can use it for lots of scripting and batch purposes. For example, to start a backup on a remote machine, you might use a command like:

plink root@myserver /etc/backups/do-backup.sh

Or perhaps you want to fetch all system log lines relating to a particular web area:

plink mysession grep /~fred/ /var/log/httpd/access.log > fredlog

Any non-interactive command you could usefully run on the server command line, you can run in a batch file using Plink in this way.

7.4 Using Plink with CVS

To use Plink with CVS, you need to set the environment variable CVS_RSH to point to Plink:

set CVS_RSH=\path\to\plink.exe

You also need to arrange to be able to connect to a remote host without any interactive prompts, as described in section 7.2.2.

You should then be able to run CVS as follows:

cvs -d :ext:user@sessionname:/path/to/repository co module

If you specified a username in your saved session, you don't even need to specify the «user» part of this, and you can just say:

cvs -d :ext:sessionname:/path/to/repository co module

7.5 Using Plink with WinCVS

Plink can also be used with WinCVS. Firstly, arrange for Plink to be able to connect to a remote host non-interactively, as described in section 7.2.2.

Then, in WinCVS, bring up the «Preferences» dialogue box from the Admin menu, and switch to the «Ports» tab. Tick the box there labelled «Check for an alternate rsh name» and in the text entry field to the right enter the full path to plink.exe. Select «OK» on the «Preferences» dialogue box.

Next, select «Command Line» from the WinCVS «Admin» menu, and type a CVS command as in section 7.4, for example:

cvs -d :ext:user@hostname:/path/to/repository co module

or (if you're using a saved session):

cvs -d :ext:user@sessionname:/path/to/repository co module

Select the folder you want to check out to with the «Change Folder» button, and click «OK» to check out your module. Once you've got modules checked out, WinCVS will happily invoke plink from the GUI for CVS operations.

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